CHALLENGING EXCLUSION
AND CLAIMING RIGHTS

Content warning: parts of this chapter detail cases of sexual abuse, assault and rape.


The pandemic impacted worse on the life and rights of excluded groups – including women, LGBTQI+ people and migrants and refugees – bringing a vital civil society response to provide essential help, and making struggles to end discrimination, violence and rights violations even more important. In difficult contexts, campaigns mobilised to call attention to urgent problems such as gender-based violence (GBV), the denial of sexual and reproductive rights and politicised homophobia and xenophobia. Breakthroughs came, including the legalisation of abortion in Argentina and New Zealand, the recognition of same-sex marriage in Costa Rica and the decriminalisation of same-sex relations in Bhutan and Gabon, repaying long-running advocacy and campaigning. Such gains often brought hostile reaction, in the form of harassment, threats and violence, pointing to the need to guard fragile conquests even while pushing further.

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